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Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is when water breaks both before the onset of labor and before the pregnancy's 37 week gestation. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In the United States, more than 120,000 pregnancies per year are affected by a premature rupture of membranes, which is the cause of about one third of preterm deliveries .
The natural weakening of fetal membranes is thought to be due to one or a combination of the following. In PROM, these processes are activated too early: [12] Cell death: when cells undergo programmed cell death, they release biochemical markers that are detected in higher concentrations in cases of PPROM.
Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a membrane in the placenta made of two layers, the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast. Fetal-maternal haemorrhage occurs when this membrane ceases to function as a barrier and ...
Artificial rupture of membranes (AROM), also known as an amniotomy, is performed by a midwife or obstetrician and was once thought to be an effective means to induce or accelerate labor. The membranes can be ruptured using a specialized tool, such as an amnihook or amnicot, or they may be ruptured by the proceduralist's finger.
The chorion and amnion membranes are labelled in this depiction of a growing fetus in the uterus. The amniotic sac consists of two parts: The outer membrane is the chorion. It is closest to the mother and physically supports the much thinner amnion. The chorion is the last and outermost of the membranes that make up the amniotic sac. [13]
Velamentous cord insertion impacts fetal development during pregnancy by impairing the development of the placenta [2] and modifying the efficiency of placental function. [17] This can manifest in a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, such as fetal growth restriction, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] placental abruption, [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 16 ] [ 18 ] abnormal fetal ...
The fetal membrane is composed of a thick cellular chorion covering a thin amnion composed of dense collagen fibrils. The amnion is in contact with the amniotic fluid and ensures structural integrity of the sac due to its mechanical strength.
There are several posited ways that have been positioned to cause amniotic fluid embolism. The first of which involves the thought that a combination or one of the following that include a difficult labor, a placenta that is abnormal and trauma to the abdomen through a caesarean section or other surgical tools dissipates the barrier that exists from the maternal fluid to the fetal fluid.