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The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the antiderivative, or primitive, of a complex -valued function g is a function whose complex derivative is g. More precisely, given an open set in the complex plane and a function the antiderivative of is a function that satisfies . As such, this concept is the complex-variable version of the ...
This visualization also explains why integration by parts may help find the integral of an inverse function f−1 (x) when the integral of the function f (x) is known. Indeed, the functions x (y) and y (x) are inverses, and the integral ∫ x dy may be calculated as above from knowing the integral ∫ y dx.
Nonelementary integral. In mathematics, a nonelementary antiderivative of a given elementary function is an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) that is, itself, not an elementary function. [1] A theorem by Liouville in 1835 provided the first proof that nonelementary antiderivatives exist. [2] This theorem also provides a basis for the ...
Calculus. In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
However, because integration is the inverse operation of differentiation, Lagrange's notation for higher order derivatives extends to integrals as well. Repeated integrals of f may be written as f ( − 1 ) ( x ) {\displaystyle f^{(-1)}(x)} for the first integral (this is easily confused with the inverse function f − 1 ( x ) {\displaystyle f ...
Trigonometric integral. Plot of the hyperbolic sine integral function Shi (z) in the complex plane from −2 − 2i to 2 + 2i. Si (x) (blue) and Ci (x) (green) shown on the same plot. Integral sine in the complex plane, plotted with a variant of domain coloring. Integral cosine in the complex plane.
Constant of integration. In calculus, the constant of integration, often denoted by (or ), is a constant term added to an antiderivative of a function to indicate that the indefinite integral of (i.e., the set of all antiderivatives of ), on a connected domain, is only defined up to an additive constant. [1][2][3] This constant expresses an ...