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The giant bucket-wheel excavators in the German Rhineland coal mines are among the world's biggest land vehicles. Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, [1] is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth. Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially ...
The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, [1] an open-pit mine owned by Yara International, in Siilinjärvi, Finland Coal strip mine in Wyoming. Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the ...
Copper extraction. The Chino open-pit copper mine in New Mexico. Chalcopyrite specimen from Huarón mine, Peru. Copper extraction refers to the methods used to obtain copper from its ores. The conversion of copper ores consists of a series of physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes.
Borehole mining. Borehole Mining (BHM) is a remote operated method of extraction (mining) of mineral resources through boreholes based on in-situ conversion of ores into a mobile form (slurry) by means of high pressure water jetting (hydraulicking). This process is carried-out from a land surface, open pit floor, underground mine or floating ...
Coal mining. Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground or from a mine. Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production.
Schematic diagram of stages from uranium mining to energy production. Uranium mining is the process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground. Over 50,000 tons of uranium were produced in 2019. Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia were the top three uranium producers, respectively, and together account for 68% of world production.
Dragline excavator. Piece of heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining. Built by Bucyrus-Erie in 1969, Big Muskie was the world's largest ever dragline, being 487 ft (148 m) in length, weighing some 13,500 short tons (12,247 t), and hoisting a 220 cu yd (168.2 m 3) bucket that could move 325 short tons (295 t) of material at ...
A 3D diagram of a modern underground mine with shaft access. Underground hard-rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate "hard" minerals, usually those containing metals, [1] such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin, and lead. It also involves the same techniques used to excavate ...