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The two electrons on reduced FAD (FADH 2) are transferred one at a time to FMN and then a single electron is passed from FMN to the heme of the P450. [ 24 ] The P450 systems that are located in the mitochondria are dependent on two electron transfer proteins: An FAD containing adrenodoxin reductase (AR) and a small iron-sulfur group containing ...
Beta oxidation of fatty acids serves as an alternate catabolic pathway that produces acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH 2. [1] The production of acetyl-CoA begins the citric acid cycle while the co-enzymes produced are used in the electron transport chain. [11] ATP synthesis as seen from the perspective of the matrix.
FADH 2 then reduces coenzyme Q (ubiquinone to ubiquinol) whose electrons enter into oxidative phosphorylation. [12] This reaction is irreversible. [ 13 ] These electrons bypass Complex I of the electron transport chain , making the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle less energetically efficient compared to oxidation of NADH by Complex I. [ 14 ]
An electron transport chain (ETC [1]) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane.
Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, generating NADH and FADH 2, which are electron carriers used in the electron transport chain. It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid chain undergoes oxidation and is converted to a carbonyl group to start the cycle all over again.
1. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes dehydrogenation of the acyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. [6] FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. [7] 2. Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. [5] [6] 3.
This reaction takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing FADH 2 to donate its electrons directly to coenzyme Q which is part of the electron transport chain which ultimately transfers electrons to molecular oxygen O 2, with the formation of water, and the release of energy eventually captured in the form of ATP.
For instance, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation all take place in the mitochondrial membrane. [4]: 73, 74 & 109 In contrast, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis all occur in the cytosol of a cell. [5]: 441–442