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The E. coli DNA adenine methyltransferase enzyme (Dam), is widely used for the chromatin profiling technique DamID, in which the Dam is fused to a DNA-binding protein of interest and expressed as a transgene in a genetically tractable model organism to identify protein binding sites. [10] Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication.
DNA gyrase, or simply gyrase, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase and is a subclass of Type II topoisomerases [1] that reduces topological strain in an ATP dependent manner while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by elongating RNA-polymerase [2] or by helicase in front of the progressing replication fork.
Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome, so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome. Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes. Due to this problem, DNA is lost in each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome.
DnaA is a protein that activates initiation of DNA replication in bacteria. [1] Based on the Replicon Model, a positively active initiator molecule contacts with a particular spot on a circular chromosome called the replicator to start DNA replication. [2] It is a replication initiation factor which promotes the unwinding of DNA at oriC. [1]
The replication of bacteriophage T4 DNA upon infection of E. coli is a well-studied DNA replication system. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37°C, the rate of elongation is 749 nucleotides per second. [11] The mutation rate during replication is 1.7 mutations per 10 8 base pairs. [12]
RecQ is a family of DNA helicase enzymes that are found in various organisms including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (like humans). These enzymes play important roles in DNA metabolism during DNA replication, recombination, and repair. There are five known RecQ helicase proteins in humans: RecQ1, BLM, WRN, RecQ4, and RecQ5.
Multiple DNA polymerases have specialized roles in the DNA replication process. In E. coli, which replicates its entire genome from a single replication fork, the polymerase DNA Pol III is the enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication and forms a replication complex with extremely high processivity.
DNA polymerase III synthesizes base pairs at a rate of around 1000 nucleotides per second. [3] DNA Pol III activity begins after strand separation at the origin of replication. Because DNA synthesis cannot start de novo, an RNA primer, complementary to part of the single-stranded DNA, is synthesized by primase (an RNA polymerase): [citation ...