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The reader-response theory associated with Bleich emerged from hermeneutics or the study of how readers respond to literary and cultural texts. [5] Bleich is one of the subjective reader-response critics who consider the reader responses as the text since there is no literary text beyond the readers' interpretations. [6]
Reader-response criticism argues that literature should be viewed as a performing art in which each reader creates their own, possibly unique, text-related performance. The approach avoids subjectivity or essentialism in descriptions produced through its recognition that reading is determined by textual and also cultural constraints. [ 3 ]
Because SparkNotes provides study guides for literature that include chapter summaries, many teachers see the website as a cheating tool. [7] These teachers argue that students can use SparkNotes as a replacement for actually completing reading assignments with the original material, [8] [9] [10] or to cheat during tests using cell phones with Internet access.
Balanced literacy is a theory of teaching reading and writing the English language that arose in the 1990s and has a variety of interpretations. For some, balanced literacy strikes a balance between whole language and phonics and puts an end to the so called "reading wars".
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When Rosenblatt began teaching English Literature at Barnard, she developed an intense interest in each reader's unique response to a given text. Her views regarding literacy were influenced by John Dewey , [ 3 ] who was in the philosophy department at Columbia in the 1930s, as well as Charles Sanders Peirce and William James .
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