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Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location.
The most commonly used technique is orthotopic transplantation, in which the native liver is removed and the donor organ is placed in the same anatomic location as the original liver. Liver transplantation nowadays is a well accepted treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure. [citation needed]
The National Donor Monument, Naarden, the Netherlands Organ donation is the process when a person authorizes an organ of their own to be removed and transplanted to another person, legally , either by consent while the donor is alive, through a legal authorization for deceased donation made prior to death, or for deceased donations through the authorization by the legal next of kin.
This means that anyone may receive a transplant of a type-O organ, and consequently, type-O recipients are one of the biggest beneficiaries of ABO-incompatible transplants. [2] While focus has been on infant heart transplants, the principles generally apply to other forms of solid organ transplantation. [3]
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common opportunistic infection that may occur after a kidney and other solid organ transplants and is a risk factor for graft failure or acute rejection. [79] [81] BK virus is now being increasingly recognised as a transplant risk factor which may lead to kidney disease or transplant failure if untreated. [82]
Organs regularly transplanted include lungs, heart, cornea, pancreas, and kidneys. Modes of donation are an altruistic living donation of a non-vital organ (generally a kidney) and post-mortal organ donation (PMOD). PMOD can be subdivided into donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD). [5]
If the organ donor is human, most countries require that the donor be legally dead for consideration of organ transplantation (e.g. cardiac death or brain death). For some organs, a living donor can be the source of the organ. For example, living donors can donate one kidney or part of their liver to a well-matched recipient. [2]
Less than 1% of persons whose death is in hospital can be potential donors because of the limited circumstances for which organ donation is possible. [13] In 2013 only 40% of patients on the organ waiting list received a transplant and 2% of the patients on the waiting list died while waiting for an organ.