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  2. Coplanarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanarity

    In geometry, a set of points in space are coplanar if there exists a geometric plane that contains them all. For example, three points are always coplanar, and if the points are distinct and non-collinear, the plane they determine is unique. However, a set of four or more distinct points will, in general, not lie in a single plane.

  3. Parallel (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)

    Since these are equivalent properties, any one of them could be taken as the definition of parallel lines in Euclidean space, but the first and third properties involve measurement, and so, are "more complicated" than the second. Thus, the second property is the one usually chosen as the defining property of parallel lines in Euclidean geometry ...

  4. Specular reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specular_reflection

    A classic example of specular reflection is a mirror, which is specifically designed for specular reflection. In addition to visible light , specular reflection can be observed in the ionospheric reflection of radiowaves and the reflection of radio- or microwave radar signals by flying objects.

  5. Coplanar waveguide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanar_waveguide

    Coplanar waveguides play an important role in the field of solid state quantum computing, e.g. for the coupling of microwave photons to a superconducting qubit.In particular the research field of circuit quantum electrodynamics was initiated with coplanar waveguide resonators as crucial elements that allow for high field strength and thus strong coupling to a superconducting qubit by confining ...

  6. Interaction picture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_picture

    By utilizing the interaction picture, one can use time-dependent perturbation theory to find the effect of H 1,I, [15]: 355ff e.g., in the derivation of Fermi's golden rule, [15]: 359–363 or the Dyson series [15]: 355–357 in quantum field theory: in 1947, Shin'ichirō Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger appreciated that covariant perturbation ...

  7. Dynamical pictures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_pictures

    In quantum mechanics, dynamical pictures (or representations) are the multiple equivalent ways to mathematically formulate the dynamics of a quantum system. The two most important ones are the Heisenberg picture and the Schrödinger picture .

  8. Three-body problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-body_problem

    In physics, specifically classical mechanics, the three-body problem is to take the initial positions and velocities (or momenta) of three point masses that orbit each other in space and calculate their subsequent trajectories using Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation.

  9. Theoretical physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics

    [5] [6] Other examples include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles and the quantum mechanical idea that (action and) energy are not continuously variable. Theoretical physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard, theoretical particle physics forms a good