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The Chalk Group is now divided into a White Chalk Subgroup and a Grey Chalk Subgroup, both of which are further subdivided into formations.These modern divisions replace numerous earlier divisions, references to which occur widely on geological maps and in other geological literature.
Chalk is a fine-textured, earthy type of limestone distinguished by its light colour, softness, and high porosity. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is composed mostly of tiny fragments of the calcite shells or skeletons of plankton , such as foraminifera or coccolithophores . [ 1 ]
Rendzina (or rendsina) is a soil type recognized in various soil classification systems, including those of Britain [1] and Germany [2] as well as some obsolete systems. They are humus-rich shallow soils that are usually formed from carbonate- or occasionally sulfate-rich parent material. [2] Rendzina soils are often found in karst and ...
Calcareous grassland (or alkaline grassland) is an ecosystem associated with thin basic soil, such as that on chalk and limestone downland. [1] Ranscombe Farm, Medway on the North Downs. In June, these meadows are covered with chalk grassland flowers.
These oozes form slowly under low-energy environments, and necessitate higher seawater saturation states or a deeper CCD (see supersaturation and precipitation vs. undersaturation and dissolution). Therefore, in shallow CCD conditions ( i.e. , undersaturation of calcium carbonate at depth), stable, non-calcareous sediments such as siliceous ...
Soils at the bottom of a hill will get more water than soils on the slopes, and soils on the slopes that face the sun's path will be drier than soils on slopes that do not. [ 64 ] In swales and depressions where runoff water tends to concentrate, the regolith is usually more deeply weathered, and soil profile development is more advanced. [ 65 ]
Soiling is the accumulation of material on light-collecting surfaces in solar power systems. The accumulated material blocks or scatters incident light, which leads to a loss in power output. Typical soiling materials include mineral dust, bird droppings, fungi, lichen, pollen, engine exhaust, and agricultural emissions.
Soil bulk density, when determined at standardized moisture conditions, is an estimate of soil compaction. [3] Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil materials to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining.