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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
The report's conclusions were almost entirely focused on the negative health effects of cigarette smoking. It found: cigarette smokers had a seventy percent increase in age-corrected mortality rate; cigarette smoke was the primary cause of chronic bronchitis; a correlation between smoking, emphysema, and heart disease. In addition, it reported:
"In 2008, smoking prevalence was higher among men (23%) than women (18.3%)"; [35] however that gender gap appears to be narrowing. Prior to recent increasing smoking rates, women usually experienced different effects of smoking compared to men. For instance, a decrease in lifetime expectancy is greater for female smokers compared to male smokers.
A case report form (or CRF) is a paper or electronic questionnaire specifically used in clinical trial research. [1] The case report form is the tool used by the sponsor of the clinical trial to collect data from each participating patient.
The WHO Report of the Global Tobacco Epidemic: The MPOWER Package was the first in a series of WHO reports to track the status of the tobacco epidemic and the impact of interventions to stop it. [3] The report was launched at a news conference by Margaret Chan, Director-General of WHO with New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on 7 February ...
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Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues.
The first research of smoking in Sweden was performed in 1946; it showed that 50% of men, and 9% of women were smokers. In 1977 41% of men and 32% of women were smokers. [46] By 2011, the use of smoking tobacco on a daily basis had decreased to only 12.5% among men and 14.3% among women.