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Body roundness index (BRI) is a calculated geometric index used to quantify an aspect of a person's individual body shape.Based on the principle of body eccentricity, it provides a rapid visual and anthropometric tool for health evaluation.
stands for muscle density; PCSA relates the force produced by the muscle to the summation of the forces produced along the force generating axis of each muscle fiber and is largely determined by the pennation angle. [3] [8] Fiber length is also a key variable in muscle anatomy.
The measurement is taken with the person standing upright, with arms hanging down loosely. The skin fold is pulled away from the muscle and measured with the calipers, taking a reading 4 seconds after the calipers have been released. [3] [4] The measuring point is halfway between the olecranon process of the ulna and the acromion process of the ...
A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
For example, on typical radiographs, bones look white or light gray (radiopaque), whereas muscle and skin look black or dark gray, being mostly invisible (radiolucent). Though the term radiodensity is more commonly used in the context of qualitative comparison, radiodensity can also be quantified according to the Hounsfield scale , a principle ...
The radius or radial distance is the Euclidean distance from the origin O to P. The inclination (or polar angle) is the signed angle from the zenith reference direction to the line segment OP. (Elevation may be used as the polar angle instead of inclination; see below.)
An inertial measurement unit (IMU) is an electronic device that measures and reports a body's specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the orientation of the body, using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. When the magnetometer is included, IMUs are referred to as IMMUs.
The annular shape of the LV wall will change and become thicker (radial strain) with a smaller inner circle (circumferential strain). In a normal heart, the circumferential strain or positives negative as measured from end-diastole. Note that: Strain has a sign: A contraction of a muscle fiber yields a negative strain measurement along the ...