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In 1997, SHEA and the Infectious Diseases Society of America published guidelines to prevent antimicrobial resistance arguing that "…appropriate antimicrobial stewardship, that includes optimal selection, dose, and duration of treatment, as well as control of antibiotic use, will prevent or slow the emergence of resistance among microorganisms."
In 2014, the CDC officially recognized the need for antimicrobial stewardship within all U.S. hospitals in their publication of the Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. These programs outline opportunities for reducing unnecessary antibiotic usage, and provide guidelines for antibiotic prescription for common infections.
There was a marked rise in the consumption of antibiotics in the Watch category, while usage of certain antibiotics remained consistently high. These findings emphasized the imperative for vigilant antimicrobial stewardship to address evolving prescribing trends and combat resistance, thereby safeguarding patient health. [7]
IDSA also promotes the establishment of antimicrobial stewardship programs and integration of good stewardship practices in every health care facility across the United States and is working to eliminate inappropriate uses of antibiotics in food, animals and other aspects of agriculture. [15]
The antimicrobial stewardship program will also provide pharmacists with the knowledge to educate patients that antibiotics will not work for a virus for example. [94] Excessive antimicrobial use has become one of the top contributors to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.
A subsidiary aspect of infection control involves preventing the spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms such as MRSA. This in turn connects to the discipline of antimicrobial stewardship —limiting the use of antimicrobials to necessary cases, as increased usage inevitably results in the selection and dissemination of resistant organisms.
The evolution of bacteria on a "Mega-Plate" petri dish A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below. These bacteria have shown antibiotic resistance (or antimicrobial resistance). Gram positive Clostridioides difficile Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease worldwide. Diarrhea caused by C. difficile can be life-threatening. Infections are ...
The possible mechanisms of resistance to this antibiotic are as follows: an alteration of more than four amino acids in the C-terminal end of the PBP-2, [13] which would result in the antibiotic being unable to bind to its target; mutations in the promoter regions of mtr, resulting in the overexpression of genes that code for efflux pumps