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Causes may sometimes be distinguished into two types: necessary and sufficient. [19] A third type of causation, which requires neither necessity nor sufficiency, but which contributes to the effect, is called a "contributory cause". Necessary causes If x is a necessary cause of y, then the presence of y necessarily implies the prior occurrence ...
Hart and Honore, in their famous work Causation in the Law, also tackle the problem of "too many causes". For them, there are degrees of causal contribution. A member of the NESS set is a "causally relevant condition". This is elevated into a "cause" where it is a deliberate human intervention, or an abnormal act in the context.
In law and insurance, a proximate cause is an event sufficiently related to an injury that the courts deem the event to be the cause of that injury. There are two types of causation in the law: cause-in-fact, and proximate (or legal) cause. Cause-in-fact is determined by the "but for" test: But for the action, the result would not have happened ...
A proximate cause is an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level ultimate cause (or distal cause) which is usually thought of as the "real" reason something occurred. The concept is used in many fields of research and analysis, including data science and ...
The word "cause" (or "causation") has multiple meanings in English.In philosophical terminology, "cause" can refer to necessary, sufficient, or contributing causes. In examining correlation, "cause" is most often used to mean "one contributing cause" (but not necessarily the only contributing cause).
Actual cause has historically been determined by the "but for" test. If the result would not have occurred but for the defendant's act, the act is an actual cause of the result. Several other tests have been created to supplement this general rule, however, especially to deal with cases in which the plaintiff suffers great harm, yet because ...
Causation (law), a key component to establish liability in both criminal and civil law Proximate cause , the basis of liability in negligence in the United States Causation , in English law, defines the requirement for liability in negligence
Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect.The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one.