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A value of greater than 1.5 units relative to a control serum is considered a positive ELISA test for the anti-histone antibodies. Patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus typically have positive tests for anti-histone antibodies but do not have indications for anti-dsDNA antibodies. Patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus ...
Histone deacetylases (EC 3.5.1.98, HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH 3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on both histone and non-histone proteins. [2] HDACs allow histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. [ 3 ]
Antibody humanization is an example of beneficial genetic engineering in medicine today. [10] Humanized antibody refers to the creation of non-human antibody in vivo and in response to antigen, then the isolation and humanization of the framework and constant regions. It has been discovered that while these antibodies remain relatively intact ...
Two chemically linked fragments antigen-binding form an artificial antibody that binds to two different antigens, making it a type of bispecific antibody. They are fragments antigen-binding (Fab or Fab') of two different monoclonal antibodies and are linked by chemical means like a thioether.
This reduces the cost by labeling only one type of secondary antibody, rather than labeling various types of primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies help increase sensitivity and signal amplification due to multiple secondary antibodies binding to a primary antibody. [2]
The polymerase chain reaction is the most widely used method for in vitro DNA amplification for purposes of molecular biology and biomedical research. [1] This process involves the separation of the double-stranded DNA in high heat into single strands (the denaturation step, typically achieved at 95–97 °C), annealing of the primers to the single stranded DNA (the annealing step) and copying ...
A single-domain antibody is a peptide chain of about 110 amino acids long, comprising one variable domain (V H) of a heavy-chain antibody, or of a common IgG.These peptides have similar affinity to antigens as whole antibodies, but are more heat-resistant and stable towards detergents and high concentrations of urea.
The word allotype comes from two Greek roots, allo meaning 'other or differing from the norm' and typos meaning 'mark'. [1] In immunology, allotype is an immunoglobulin variation (in addition to isotypic variation) that can be found among antibody classes and is manifested by heterogeneity of immunoglobulins present in a single vertebrate species.
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