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,, = (). [2] [3] [4] The function is bijective (one-to-one and onto, one-to-one correspondence, or invertible) if each element of the codomain is mapped to by exactly one element of the domain; that is, if the function is both injective and surjective.
The primary difference between a computer algebra system and a traditional calculator is the ability to deal with equations symbolically rather than numerically. The precise uses and capabilities of these systems differ greatly from one system to another, yet their purpose remains the same: manipulation of symbolic equations.
For example, a submatrix taken from rows 2 through 4 and columns 3 through 4 can be written as: >> A ( 2 : 4 , 3 : 4 ) ans = 11 8 7 12 14 1 A square identity matrix of size n can be generated using the function eye , and matrices of any size with zeros or ones can be generated with the functions zeros and ones , respectively.
On a single-step or immediate-execution calculator, the user presses a key for each operation, calculating all the intermediate results, before the final value is shown. [1] [2] [3] On an expression or formula calculator, one types in an expression and then presses a key, such as "=" or "Enter", to evaluate the expression.
The vector projection (also known as the vector component or vector resolution) of a vector a on (or onto) a nonzero vector b is the orthogonal projection of a onto a straight line parallel to b. The projection of a onto b is often written as proj b a {\displaystyle \operatorname {proj} _{\mathbf {b} }\mathbf {a} } or a ∥ b .
where f (2k−1) is the (2k − 1)th derivative of f and B 2k is the (2k)th Bernoulli number: B 2 = 1 / 6 , B 4 = − + 1 / 30 , and so on. Setting f ( x ) = x , the first derivative of f is 1, and every other term vanishes, so [ 15 ]
Thus, if one can solve for one iterated function system, one also has solutions for all topologically conjugate systems. For example, the tent map is topologically conjugate to the logistic map. As a special case, taking f(x) = x + 1, one has the iteration of g(x) = h −1 (h(x) + 1) as g n (x) = h −1 (h(x) + n), for any function h.
[1] [2] [3] It comes with its own programming language, in which numerical algorithms can be implemented. GNU MCSim a simulation and numerical integration package, with fast Monte Carlo and Markov chain Monte Carlo capabilities. ML.NET is a free-software machine-learning library for the C# programming language. [4] [5]