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  2. List of GNU Core Utilities commands - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GNU_Core_Utilities...

    Changes file security context chgrp: Changes file group ownership chown: Changes file ownership chmod: Changes the permissions of a file or directory cp: Copies a file or directory dd: Copies and converts a file df: Shows disk free space on file systems dir: Is exactly like "ls -C -b". (Files are by default listed in columns and sorted vertically.)

  3. XFS - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS

    Block-oriented file systems manage space allocation with one or more block-oriented bitmaps; in XFS, these structures are replaced with an extent oriented structure consisting of a pair of B+ trees for each file system allocation group. One of the B+ trees is indexed by the length of the free extents, while the other is indexed by the starting ...

  4. Git - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git

    git add [file], which adds a file to git's working directory (files about to be committed). git commit -m [commit message], which commits the files from the current working directory (so they are now part of the repository's history). A .gitignore file may be created in a Git repository as a plain text file.

  5. chgrp - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chgrp

    The chgrp (from change group) command may be used by unprivileged users on various operating systems to change the group associated with a file system object (such as a computer file, directory, or link) to one of which they are a member. A file system object has 3 sets of access permissions, one set for the owner, one set for the group and one ...

  6. dd (Unix) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_(Unix)

    dd is a command-line utility for Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like operating systems and beyond, the primary purpose of which is to convert and copy files. [1] On Unix, device drivers for hardware (such as hard disk drives) and special device files (such as /dev/zero and /dev/random) appear in the file system just like normal files; dd can also read and/or write from/to these files ...

  7. Filesystem Hierarchy Standard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard

    Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy. /bin: Essential command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode, including to bring up the system or repair it, [3] for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp). /boot: Boot loader files (e.g., kernels, initrd). /dev

  8. File:Git operations.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Git_operations.svg

    git reset --hard makes the current branch point to some specific revision or branch, and replaces the current working files with the files from that branch. git merge merges files from a given branch into the current branch. git push uploads changes from local branches to the respective remote repositories. git add puts current working files ...

  9. ln (Unix) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ln_(Unix)

    The ln command is a standard Unix command utility used to create a hard link or a symbolic link (symlink) to an existing file or directory. [1] The use of a hard link allows multiple filenames to be associated with the same file since a hard link points to the inode of a given file, the data of which is stored on disk.