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Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. [1] [2] Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions.
Sea smoke, frost smoke, [1] or steam fog [2] is fog which is formed when very cold air moves over warmer water. Arctic sea smoke [3] is sea smoke forming over small patches of open water in sea ice. [4] It forms when a light wind of very cold air mixes with a shallow layer of saturated warm air immediately above the warmer water.
The water vapor will attempt to return to equilibrium, so the extra water vapor will condense into ice on the surface of the particle. These ice particles end up as the nuclei of larger ice crystals. This process only happens at temperatures between 0 °C (32 °F) and −40 °C (−40 °F).
The percentage of water vapor in surface air varies from 0.01% at -42 °C (-44 °F) [15] to 4.24% when the dew point is 30 °C (86 °F). [16] Over 99% of atmospheric water is in the form of vapour, rather than liquid water or ice, [17] and approximately 99.13% of the water vapour is contained in the troposphere.
The amount of water vapor that can be stored in the air can be increased simply by increasing the temperature. [8] However, this can be a double edged sword as most condensation in the home occurs when warm, moisture heavy air comes into contact with a cool surface. As the air is cooled, it can no longer hold as much water vapor.
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The magnitude and duration of the cold air have caused some ice to form on area streams, rivers and lakes in the Midwest and Northeast. The upcoming thaw will cause some of that ice to break up.
Clouds and potentially fog can form within a marine layer when the water-saturated air is cooled and reaches a humidity of 100%, where it will then condense and turn into water droplets. [3] Stratus and stratocumulus can form at the top of a marine layer in the presence of these conditions. A marine layer can often be dispersed by sufficiently ...