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"Providers are encouraged to consult with their local lab(s) to obtain hormone level reference ranges for both 'male' and 'female' norms, [which can vary,] and then apply the correct range when interpreting results based on the current hormonal sex, rather than the sex of registration." [3] Fenway Health: United States: 100–200 pg/mL <55 ng ...
Normal total testosterone levels depend on the man's age but generally range from 240 to 950 ng/dL (nanograms per deciliter) or 8.3–32.9 nmol/L (nanomoles per liter). [11] According to American Urological Association, the diagnosis of low testosterone can be supported when the total testosterone level is below 300 ng/dl. [ 12 ]
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, [10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity. [11]
As of 2016, the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male defines late-onset hypogonadism as a series of symptoms in older adults related to testosterone deficiency that combines features of both primary and secondary hypogonadism; the European Male Aging Study (a prospective study of ~3000 men) [10] defined the condition by the presence of at least three sexual symptoms (e.g ...
There are also indications that the fluctuations in estrogen levels across the normal menstrual cycle in premenopausal women may be important for breast cancer risk. [144] In contrast to estrogen-only therapy, combined estrogen and progestogen treatment, although dependent on the progestogen used, is associated with an increased risk of breast ...
[109] [110] Older age, higher body weight, lower physical activity, and smoking are all associated with a higher risk of VTE with oral estrogen therapy. [117] [125] [124] [112] Risk of VTE with estrogen therapy is highest at the start of treatment, particularly during the first year, and decreases over time. [117] [124]
The development of secondary sex characteristics in women is driven by estrogens, to be specific, estradiol. [11] [12] These changes are initiated at the time of puberty, most are enhanced during the reproductive years, and become less pronounced with declining estradiol support after menopause.
[126] [127] High-dose estrogen therapy, including with EE, is able to suppress testosterone levels in men by around 95%, or into the castrate/female range. [ 128 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] The dosage of EE required for use as a component of hormone therapy for preoperative transgender women is 50 to 100 μg/day. [ 129 ]
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