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Haptoglobin (abbreviated as Hp) is the protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene. [5][6] In blood plasma, haptoglobin binds with high affinity to free hemoglobin [7] released from erythrocytes, and thereby inhibits its deleterious oxidative activity. Compared to Hp, hemopexin binds to free heme. [8]
Hemoglobinemia (or haemoglobinaemia) is a medical condition in which there is an excess of hemoglobin in the blood plasma. This is an effect of intravascular hemolysis, in which hemoglobin separates from red blood cells, a form of anemia. Hemoglobinemia can be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. When hemoglobinemia is internally caused ...
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an autoimmune disorder which occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells (RBCs) cause them to burst (lyse), leading to an insufficient number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in circulation (anemia). The lifetime of the RBCs is reduced from the normal 100–120 days to just a ...
Hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) is a group of blood disorders characterized by low red blood cells, acute kidney injury (previously called acute renal failure), and low platelets. [1] [3] Initial symptoms typically include bloody diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and weakness. [1] [2] Kidney problems and low platelets then occur as the diarrhea ...
Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to the general signs of anemia.[2] General signs and symptoms include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and tachycardia.[2] In small children, failure to thrivemay occur in any form of anemia. [6][7]In addition, symptoms related to hemolysis may be present such as chills, jaundice, dark urine, and an ...
However, during hyper-hemolytic conditions or with chronic hemolysis, haptoglobin is depleted so the remaining free hemoglobin readily distribute to tissues where it might be exposed to oxidative conditions, [2] thus some of the ferrous heme (FeII), the oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin, of the free hemoglobin are oxidized and becoming met ...
Sickle cell disease, in which a mutation in the globin gene causes the formation of sickle hemoglobin. [2] This disease is marked by the manifestation of chronic compensated hemolytic anemia, with laboratory findings not limited to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia but also elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase and low serum haptoglobin. [2]
The reticulocyte production index (RPI), also called a corrected reticulocyte count (CRC), is a calculated value used in the diagnosis of anemia. This calculation is necessary because the raw reticulocyte count is misleading in anemic patients. The problem arises because the reticulocyte count is not really a count but rather a percentage: it ...