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Most charts or tables indicate the type of friction factor, or at least provide the formula for the friction factor with laminar flow. If the formula for laminar flow is f = 16 / Re , it is the Fanning factor f, and if the formula for laminar flow is f D = 64 / Re , it is the Darcy–Weisbach factor f D.
Bernoulli's equation. pconstant is the total pressure at a point on a streamline. p ρ u 2 2 ρ g y p c o n s t a n t. Euler equations. ρ = fluid mass density. u is the flow velocity vector. E = total volume energy density. U = internal energy per unit mass of fluid. p = pressure.
Specific latent heat. L. L = ∂ Q / ∂ m {\displaystyle L=\partial Q/\partial m} J⋅kg −1. L 2 T −2. Ratio of isobaric to isochoric heat capacity, heat capacity ratio, adiabatic index, Laplace coefficient. γ. γ = C p / C V = c p / c V = C m p / C m V {\displaystyle \gamma =C_ {p}/C_ {V}=c_ {p}/c_ {V}=C_ {mp}/C_ {mV}} 1.
One of the fundamental thermodynamic equations is the description of thermodynamic work in analogy to mechanical work, or weight lifted through an elevation against gravity, as defined in 1824 by French physicist Sadi Carnot. Carnot used the phrase motive power for work. In the footnotes to his famous On the Motive Power of Fire, he states ...
The unit of hardness given by the test is known as the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV) or Diamond Pyramid Hardness (DPH). The hardness number can be converted into units of pascals, but should not be confused with pressure, which uses the same units. The hardness number is determined by the load over the surface area of the indentation and not the ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
f stands for the Darcy friction factor. Its value depends on the flow's Reynolds number Re and on the pipe's relative roughness ε / D. The log function is understood to be base-10 (as is customary in engineering fields): if x = log(y), then y = 10 x. The ln function is understood to be base-e: if x = ln(y), then y = e x.
Young's modulus is the slope of the linear part of the stress–strain curvefor a material under tension or compression. Young's modulus(or Young modulus) is a mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffnesswhen the force is applied lengthwise. It is the modulus of elasticityfor tensionor axial compression.