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Mathematics of the Incas. Quipukamayuq with his quipu and a yupana, the main instruments used by the Incas in mathematics. The mathematics of the Incas (or of the Tawantinsuyu) was the set of numerical and geometric knowledge and instruments developed and used in the nation of the Incas before the arrival of the Spaniards.
Quipu (also spelled khipu) are recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures in the central Andes Mountains of South America. [1] A quipu usually consisted of cotton or camelid fiber strings, and contained categorized information based on three dimensions of color, order and number. [2]
Ethnomathematics. In mathematics education, ethnomathematics is the study of the relationship between mathematics and culture. [1] Often associated with "cultures without written expression", [2] it may also be defined as "the mathematics which is practised among identifiable cultural groups". [3] It refers to a broad cluster of ideas ranging ...
Within the counting system used with most discrete objects (including animals like sheep), there was a token for one item (units), a different token for ten items (tens), a different token for six tens (sixties), etc. Tokens of different sizes and shapes were used to record higher groups of ten or six in a sexagesimal number system.
"A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." [1]: 38 The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. [1]
The number shown is 82. Tally marks, also called hash marks, are a form of numeral used for counting. They can be thought of as a unary numeral system. They are most useful in counting or tallying ongoing results, such as the score in a game or sport, as no intermediate results need to be erased or discarded.
The vertical forms of the digits (1–9, 10–90, 100–900 and 1,000–9,000), with an innovative form of 5 as engraved on an early-sixteenth-century Norman astrolabe. All Cistercian numerals from 1 to 9999 [ 15 ] (open to enlarge). A fourteenth-century Norman manuscript that used only Cistercian numerals.
In Japan, mathematicians put counting rods on a counting board, a sheet of cloth with grids, and used only vertical forms relying on the grids. An 18th-century Japanese mathematics book has a checker counting board diagram, with the order of magnitude symbols "千百十一分厘毛" (thousand, hundred, ten, unit, tenth, hundredth, thousandth). [15]