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The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, [ 1 ] abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other countries. The CEFR is also intended to make it easier for educational institutions ...
Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) is a language-related term developed by Jim Cummins which refers to formal academic learning, as opposed to basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS). [1] In schools today, the terms BICS and CALP are most frequently used to discuss the language proficiency levels of students who are in the ...
Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. [1][2][3][4] Reading comprehension relies on two abilities that are connected to each other: word reading and language comprehension. [5] Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multifaceted process" that ...
Developing language proficiency improves an individual’s capacity to communicate. Over time through interaction and through exposure to new forms of language in use, an individual learns new words, sentence structures, and meanings, thereby increasing their command of using accurate forms of the target language.
A comparison of highly proficient late learners and early learners of Swedish concluded that the late learners generally performed better than early learners on a language aptitude test (as measured by the Swansea Language Aptitude Test). [1] Thus, an aptitude for learning languages may help late learners in achieving near-native proficiencies.
Research has found that the development of competence in the native language serves as a foundation of proficiency that can be transposed to the second language – the common underlying proficiency hypothesis. [31] [32] Cummins' work sought to overcome the perception propagated in the 1960s that learning two languages made for two competing aims.
Cognitive effects of bilingualism. Bilingualism, a subset of multilingualism, [1][2] means having proficiency in two languages. [3] A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two languages on a regular basis. [4] A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early childhood ...
The Dunning–Kruger effect is defined as the tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive assessments of this ability. [2][3][4] This is often seen as a cognitive bias, i.e. as a systematic tendency to engage in erroneous forms of thinking and judging. [5][6][7] In the case of the Dunning–Kruger effect, this ...