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Sphalerite is an important ore of zinc; around 95% of all primary zinc is extracted from sphalerite ore. [42] However, due to its variable trace element content, sphalerite is also an important source of several other metals such as cadmium, [ 43 ] gallium, [ 44 ] germanium, [ 45 ] and indium [ 46 ] which replace zinc.
Ideally, this forms a core of massive pyrite and chalcopyrite around the throat of the vent system, with a halo of chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite grading into a distal sphalerite-galena and galena-manganese and finally a chert-manganese-hematite facies.
Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60–62% zinc. [34] Other source minerals for zinc include smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate), wurtzite (another zinc sulfide), and sometimes hydrozincite (basic zinc carbonate). [36]
The ore consists of massive, recrystallised sphalerite-rich, galena-sphalerite and galena-rich sulfide lenses in folded horizons, known as No. 2 Lens Formation and No.3 Lens Formation. Both have distinctive metal ratios and gangue minerals. The ore boundaries are parallel to the bedding planes.
Sphalerite ZnS; Chalcopyrite CuFeS 2; Pyrrhotite Fe 1–x S; Millerite NiS; Pentlandite (Fe,Ni) 9 S 8; Covellite CuS; Cinnabar HgS; Realgar AsS; Orpiment As 2 S 3; Stibnite Sb 2 S 3; Pyrite FeS 2; Marcasite FeS 2; Molybdenite MoS 2; Sulfarsenides: Cobaltite (Co,Fe)AsS; Arsenopyrite FeAsS; Gersdorffite NiAsS; Sulfosalts: Pyrargyrite Ag 3 SbS 3 ...
Iron ore (banded iron formation) Manganese ore – psilomelane (size: 6.7 × 5.8 × 5.1 cm) Lead ore – galena and anglesite (size: 4.8 × 4.0 × 3.0 cm). Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals, typically including metals, concentrated above background levels, and that is economically viable to mine and process.
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Galena is also an important ore mineral in the silver mining regions of Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Montana. Of the latter, the Coeur d'Alene district of northern Idaho was most prominent. [2] Australia is the world's leading producer of lead as of 2021, most of which is extracted as galena.
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