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An explicit form of the Chebyshev polynomial in terms of monomials x k follows from de Moivre's formula: ( ()) = ( + ) = (( + )), where Re denotes the real part of a complex number.
The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).
In mathematics, the Lucas sequences (,) and (,) are certain constant-recursive integer sequences that satisfy the recurrence relation = where and are fixed integers.Any sequence satisfying this recurrence relation can be represented as a linear combination of the Lucas sequences (,) and (,).
Find recurrence relations for sequences—the form of a generating function may suggest a recurrence formula. Find relationships between sequences—if the generating functions of two sequences have a similar form, then the sequences themselves may be related. Explore the asymptotic behaviour of sequences. Prove identities involving sequences.
This definition covers several different uses of the word "sequence", including one-sided infinite sequences, bi-infinite sequences, and finite sequences (see below for definitions of these kinds of sequences). However, many authors use a narrower definition by requiring the domain of a sequence to be the set of natural numbers. This narrower ...
In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers B n are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis.The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in Faulhaber's formula for the sum of m-th powers of the first n positive integers, in the Euler–Maclaurin formula, and in expressions for certain ...
In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation according to which the th term of a sequence of numbers is equal to some combination of the previous terms. Often, only previous terms of the sequence appear in the equation, for a parameter that is independent of ; this number is called the order of the relation.
An arithmetico-geometric series is a sum of terms that are the elements of an arithmetico-geometric sequence. Arithmetico-geometric sequences and series arise in various applications, such as the computation of expected values in probability theory, especially in Bernoulli processes. For instance, the sequence