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The definition of fermentation has evolved over the years. [1] The most modern definition is catabolism, where organic compounds are both the electron donor and acceptor. [1] [2] A common electron donor is glucose, and pyruvate is a common electron acceptor.
While fermentation produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) only in low yield compared to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration, it allows proliferating cells to convert nutrients such as glucose and glutamine more efficiently into biomass by avoiding unnecessary catabolic oxidation of such nutrients into ...
It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, such as muscle cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ page needed ] If oxygen is present in the cell, many organisms will bypass fermentation and undergo cellular respiration ; however, facultative anaerobic organisms will both ferment and undergo respiration in the ...
The rate at which the mitotic cell cycle progresses often differs substantially between haploid and diploid cells. [18] Under conditions of stress, diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering meiosis and producing four haploid spores, which can subsequently mate. This is the sexual form of the fungus. Under optimal conditions, yeast cells ...
After the malolactic fermentation, yeast cells are used to start the alcoholic fermentation process in grapes. The malolactic fermentation mechanism is mainly transformation of L-malic acid (dicarboxylic acid) to an lactic acid (monocarboxylic acid). [24] This change occurs due to the presence of malolactic and malic enzymes.
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
The cell cycle is a sequence of activities in which cell organelles are duplicated and subsequently separated into daughter cells with precision. There are major events that happen during a cell cycle. The processes that happen in the cell cycle include cell development, replication and segregation of chromosomes.
The fermentation processes used in alcohol production is commonly maintained in low oxygen conditions, under a blanket of carbon dioxide, while growing yeast for biomass involves aerating the broth for maximized energy production.