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The standard is based on the 1985 judicial decision of the House of Lords with respect to a case of the contraception advice given by an NHS doctor in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority. [1] The case is binding in England and Wales, and has been adopted to varying extents in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
The Fraser guidelines come from Lord Fraser's remarks in the same case. They apply specifically to a doctor giving contraceptive advice and medicine to a girl under 16. A doctor can do so:- "provided he is satisfied in the following criteria: That the girl (although under the age of 16 years of age) will understand his advice;
Case history; Prior: Judgment for plaintiff; affirmed, 755 F.2d 1356 (9th Cir. 1985); cert. granted, 474 U.S. 814 (1985).: Holding; The First Amendment, as applied through the Fourteenth, permits a public school to punish a student for giving a lewd and indecent, even if not obscene, speech at a school assembly.
May 22, 1985 November 21, 1985 Fraser v. P.S.S.R.B., [1985] 2 SCR 455 : February 14, 1985 December 10, 1985 John v. The Queen, [1985] 2 SCR 476 : March 6, 1985 December 10, 1985 Greenberg v. Maffert, 1985 CanLII 3114 (SCC) December 10, 1985 Case name Argued Decided Dickson Ritchie Beetz Estey McIntyre Chouinard Lamer Wilson Le Dain La Forest
CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service (GCHQ case) Court: House of Lords: Full case name: Council of Civil Service Unions & Others v Minister for the Civil Service : Decided: 22 November 1984: Citations [1984] UKHL 9, [1985] AC 374, [1984] 3 WLR 1174, [1985] ICR 14, [1984] 3 All ER 935, [1985] IRLR 28: ECLI: ECLI:CE:ECHR:1987:0120DEC001160385 ...
Three years after the original suspect in a nearly 40-year-old double murder was exonerated based on DNA evidence and freed from prison after 20 years, a Georgia man has been arrested and charged ...
Hazelwood School District et al. v. Kuhlmeier et al., 484 U.S. 260 (1988), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which held, in a 5–3 decision, that student speech in a school-sponsored student newspaper at a public high school could be censored by school officials without a violation of First Amendment rights if the school's actions were "reasonably related" to a ...
In the 1986 court case Bethel School District v. Fraser, the Supreme Court ruled that a high school student's sexual innuendo-laden speech during a school assembly was not constitutionally protected. The court said the protection of student political speech created in the Tinker case did not extend to vulgar language in a school setting. The ...