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Hazen–Williams equation. The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [1] such as fire sprinkler systems, [2] water supply networks, and irrigation systems.
Hydraulic calculations indicate that the combination of the two primary components of a water based fire protection system will meet the design objectives to control, suppress, or extinguish a fire: The available water supply is sufficient in flowrate and pressure. The pipe sizes and piping network arrangement that deliver the water to the ...
A general water balance equation is: [5] P = Q + ET + ΔS. where. P is precipitation. Q is streamflow. ET is evapotranspiration. ΔS is the change in storage (in soil or the bedrock / groundwater) This equation uses the principles of conservation of mass in a closed system, whereby any water entering a system (via precipitation), must be ...
Pipe network analysis. In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
A water flow test, also known as a hydrant flow test, [ 1] is a way to measure the water supply available at a building site, usually for the purposes of installing a water based fire protection system ( fire sprinkler system ). The most common test involves measuring the flow of water flowing out of a municipal fire hydrant (measured in litres ...
Water hammer. Effect of a pressure surge on a float gauge. Hydraulic shock (colloquial: water hammer; fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly: a momentum change. It is usually observed in a liquid but gases can also be affected.
Infiltration (hydrology) Cross-section of a hillslope depicting the vadose zone, capillary fringe, water table, and phreatic or saturated zone. (Source: United States Geological Survey.) Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences.
Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum. [1][2] It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water ...