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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders encompass a range of physicaland neurodevelopmentalproblems which can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms in the person and evidence of alcohol use.[1] These diagnoses of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are currently recognized:
Ophthalmology. Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy is a group of medical disorders defined by visual impairment due to optic nerve damage secondary to a toxic substance and/or nutritional deficiency. The causes of these disorders are various, but they are linked by shared signs and symptoms, which this article will describe.
Specialty. Ophthalmology. Retinopathy of prematurity ( ROP ), also called retrolental fibroplasia ( RLF) and Terry syndrome, is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely born babies generally having received neonatal intensive care, in which oxygen therapy is used because of the premature development of their lungs. [ 2]
Prenatal cocaine exposure. Prenatal cocaine exposure ( PCE ), theorized in the 1970s, occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine including crack cocaine and thereby exposes her fetus to the drug. Babies whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant supposedly have increased risk of several different health issues during growth and development.
Cataracts are most commonly due to agingbut may also occur due to traumaor radiation exposure, be present from birth, or occur following eye surgery for other problems. [1][4]Risk factors include diabetes, longstanding use of corticosteroidmedication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and alcohol.[1]
Alcoholism in family systems. Alcoholism in family systems refers to the conditions in families that enable alcoholism and the effects of alcoholic behavior by one or more family members on the rest of the family. Mental health professionals are increasingly considering alcoholism and addiction as diseases that flourish in and are enabled by ...
Visual impairment. Visual or vision impairment ( VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. [ 6]
The brain is a major target for the actions of alcohol, and heavy alcohol consumption has long been associated with brain damage. Studies clearly indicate that alcohol is neurotoxic, with direct effects on nerve cells. Chronic alcohol abusers are at additional risk for brain injury from related causes, such as poor nutrition, liver disease, and ...