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International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories [1] because there is a need or want of goods or services. [2] (see: World economy ) In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history ...
Comparative advantage in an economic model is the advantage over others in producing a particular good. A good can be produced at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price, i.e. at a lower relative marginal cost prior to trade. [1] Comparative advantage describes the economic reality of the gains from trade for individuals, firms, or ...
Appearance. International trade theory is a sub-field of economics which analyzes the patterns of international trade, its origins, and its welfare implications. International trade policy has been highly controversial since the 18th century. International trade theory and economics itself have developed as means to evaluate the effects of ...
In economics, the principle of absolute advantage is the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce a good or service more efficiently than its competitors. [1] [2] The Scottish economist Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade in 1776, using labor as the only ...
New trade theory ( NTT) is a collection of economic models in international trade theory which focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and network effects, which were originally developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The main motivation for the development of NTT was that, contrary to what traditional trade models (or "old ...
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ( CISG ), sometimes known as the Vienna Convention, is a multilateral treaty that establishes a uniform framework for international commerce. [1] [. Note 1] As of December 2023, it has been ratified by 97 countries, representing two-thirds of world trade.
In 2023, the "Digital Trade for Development" report by the IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, The World Bank, and the WTO detailed the influence of digital trade on developing economies. It highlighted the necessity of international cooperation to maximize digital trade benefits and tackle associated challenges. Key statistics from the report include:
The economists Harry White (left) and John Maynard Keynes at the Bretton Woods Conference [27]. The WTO precursor General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established by a multilateral treaty of 23 countries in 1947 after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation—such as the World Bank (founded 1944) and the ...