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Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. [1] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson.In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism.
Rearrangement reaction. In organic chemistry, a rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. [ 1] Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule, hence these reactions are usually intramolecular.
Thus, they continue to enjoy widespread use by chemists and chemistry educators. This is especially true in the field of organic chemistry , where the traditional valence-bond model of bonding still dominates, and mechanisms are often understood in terms of curve-arrow notation superimposed upon skeletal formulae , which are shorthand versions ...
Retrosynthetic analysis. Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures regardless of any potential reactivity/interaction with reagents. Each precursor material is examined using the same method.
Energy profile (chemistry) In theoretical chemistry, an energy profile is a theoretical representation of a chemical reaction or process as a single energetic pathway as the reactants are transformed into products. This pathway runs along the reaction coordinate, which is a parametric curve that follows the pathway of the reaction and indicates ...
Reaction mechanism. The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction begins with the deprotonation of the phosphonate to give the phosphonate carbanion 1. Nucleophilic addition of the carbanion onto the aldehyde 2 (or ketone) producing 3a or 3b is the rate-limiting step. [ 12] If R 2 = H, then intermediates 3a and 4a and intermediates 3b and 4b can ...
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states and often the vibrational levels of a molecule, and also the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity. [ 1] Nonradiative transitions are indicated by squiggly arrows and ...
In chemistry, a reaction coordinate [1] is an abstract one-dimensional coordinate chosen to represent progress along a reaction pathway. Where possible it is usually a geometric parameter that changes during the conversion of one or more molecular entities, such as bond length or bond angle. For example, in the homolytic dissociation of ...