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Andrew Heywood is a British author of textbooks on politics and political science. [1] Bibliography ... Political Theory: An Introduction, ...
Thomas Hobbes (England, 1588–1679) theorized that government is the result of individual actions and human traits, and that it was motivated primarily by "interest", a term which would become crucial in the development of a liberal theory of government and political economy, since it is the foundation of the idea that individuals can be self ...
The diversity of liberalism can be gleaned from the numerous qualifiers that liberal thinkers and movements have attached to the term "liberalism", including classical, egalitarian, economic, social, the welfare state, ethical, humanist, deontological, perfectionist, democratic, and institutional, to name a few. [64]
In the late 19th century, classical liberalism developed into neo-classical liberalism which argued for government to be as small as possible to allow the exercise of individual freedom. In its most extreme form, neo-classical liberalism advocated social Darwinism. [208] Right-libertarianism has been influenced by these schools of liberalism.
Modern liberalism, often referred to simply as liberalism, is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States.It combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy.
John Locke (1632–1704) – philosopher, generally regarded as the 'father of liberalism' Lord Acton (1834–1902) – historian; Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859) – British classical liberal; Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733) – Dutch-born, London based physician; H. L. Mencken (1880–1956) – American writer
Criticism of libertarianism includes ethical, economic, environmental, pragmatic and philosophical concerns. These concerns are most commonly voiced by critics on the left and directed against the more right-leaning schools of libertarian thought. [256] One such argument is the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty. [62]
The law of equal liberty is the fundamental precept of liberalism and socialism. [1] Stated in various ways by many thinkers, it can be summarized as the view that all individuals must be granted the maximum possible freedom as long as that freedom does not interfere with the freedom of anyone else. [ 2 ]