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  2. English language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

    The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries. [82] In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". [90]

  3. Standard English - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English

    In an English-speaking country, Standard English (SE) is the variety of English that has undergone codification to the point of being socially perceived as the standard language, associated with formal schooling, language assessment, and official print publications, such as public service announcements and newspapers of record, etc. [1] All linguistic features are subject to the effects of ...

  4. Literal and figurative language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Literal_and_figurative_language

    Literal language is the usage of words exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted meanings: their denotation. Figurative (or non-literal ) language is the usage of words in a way that deviates from referencing just their conventionally accepted definitions [ 1 ] [ 2 ] - in order to convey a more complex ...

  5. Language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

    Similarly, the English language does not distinguish phonemically between aspirated and non-aspirated pronunciations of consonants, as many other languages like Korean and Hindi do: the unaspirated /p/ in spin [spɪn] and the aspirated /p/ in pin [pʰɪn] are considered to be merely different ways of pronouncing the same phoneme (such variants ...

  6. Standard language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language

    A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is any language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and that stands out among related varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige.

  7. History of linguistic prescription in English - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_linguistic...

    During the second half of the 20th century, the prescriptivist tradition of usage commentators started to fall under increasing criticism. Thus, works such as the Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, appearing in 1993, attempt to describe usage issues of words and syntax as they are actually used by writers of note, rather than to judge them by standards derived from logic, fine ...

  8. English grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

    The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press. p. 464. ISBN 0-19-280087-6. Cobbett, William (1883). A Grammar of the English Language, In a Series of Letters: Intended for the Use of Schools and of Young Persons in General, but more especially for the use of Soldiers, Sailors, Apprentices, and Plough-Boys. New York and ...

  9. History of English - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_English

    The first authoritative and full-featured English dictionary, the Dictionary of the English Language, was published by Samuel Johnson in 1755. To a high degree, the dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage. Meanwhile, grammar texts by Lowth, Murray, Priestly, and others attempted to prescribe standard usage even further.