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While the circle has a relatively low maximum packing density, it does not have the lowest possible, even among centrally-symmetric convex shapes: the smoothed octagon has a packing density of about 0.902414, the smallest known for centrally-symmetric convex shapes and conjectured to be the smallest possible. [3]
Circle packing in a circle is a two-dimensional packing problem with the objective of packing unit circles into the smallest possible larger circle. Table of solutions, 1 ≤ n ≤ 20 [ edit ]
The related circle packing problem deals with packing circles, possibly of different sizes, on a surface, for instance the plane or a sphere. The counterparts of a circle in other dimensions can never be packed with complete efficiency in dimensions larger than one (in a one-dimensional universe, the circle analogue is just two points). That is ...
The strictly jammed (mechanically stable even as a finite system) regular sphere packing with the lowest known density is a diluted ("tunneled") fcc crystal with a density of only π √ 2 /9 ≈ 0.49365. [6] The loosest known regular jammed packing has a density of approximately 0.0555. [7]
A special type of area density is called column density (also columnar mass density or simply column density), denoted ρ A or σ. It is the mass of substance per unit area integrated along a path; [ 1 ] It is obtained integrating volumetric density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } over a column: [ 2 ] σ = ∫ ρ d s . {\displaystyle \sigma =\int \rho ...
Using the number density as a function of spatial coordinates, the total number of objects N in the entire volume V can be calculated as = (,,), where dV = dx dy dz is a volume element. If each object possesses the same mass m 0 , the total mass m of all the objects in the volume V can be expressed as m = ∭ V m 0 n ( x , y , z ) d V ...
For a substance X with a specific volume of 0.657 cm 3 /g and a substance Y with a specific volume 0.374 cm 3 /g, the density of each substance can be found by taking the inverse of the specific volume; therefore, substance X has a density of 1.522 g/cm 3 and substance Y has a density of 2.673 g/cm 3. With this information, the specific ...
The optimal packing density or packing constant associated with a supply collection is the supremum of upper densities obtained by packings that are subcollections of the supply collection. If the supply collection consists of convex bodies of bounded diameter, there exists a packing whose packing density is equal to the packing constant, and ...