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In computational chemistry, a solvent model is a computational method that accounts for the behavior of solvated condensed phases. [1] [2] [3] Solvent models enable simulations and thermodynamic calculations applicable to reactions and processes which take place in solution. These include biological, chemical and environmental processes. [1]
Once the desired conversion is reached, excess solvent must be removed to obtain the pure polymer. Accordingly, solution polymerization is primarily used in applications where the presence of a solvent is desired anyway, as is the case for varnish and adhesives.
A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. Water is a solvent for polar molecules, and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water within the cell. Major uses of solvents are in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. [2]
The implicit solvation model breaks down when solvent molecules associate strongly with binding cavities in a protein, so that the protein and the solvent molecules form a continuous solid body. [39] On the other hand, this model can be successfully applied for describing transfer from water to the fluid lipid bilayer. [40]
CHEMKIN is a proprietary software tool for solving complex chemical kinetics problems. It is used worldwide in the combustion, [1] chemical processing, [2] microelectronics [citation needed] and automotive [citation needed] industries, and also in atmospheric science. [3]
The solvent-rich phase is close to pure solvent. This is peculiar to polymers, a mixture of small molecules can be approximated using the Flory–Huggins expression with N = 1 {\displaystyle N=1} , and then ϕ cp = 1 / 2 {\displaystyle \phi _{\text{cp}}=1/2} and both coexisting phases are far from pure.
Polar solvents can be used to dissolve inorganic or ionic compounds such as salts. The conductivity of a solution depends on the solvation of its ions. Nonpolar solvents cannot solvate ions, and ions will be found as ion pairs. Hydrogen bonding among solvent and solute molecules depends on the ability of each to accept H-bonds, donate H-bonds ...
Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt in water.The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes.