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  2. Topsoil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

    Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

  3. Soil horizon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_horizon

    Soil horizon. A cross section of a soil, revealing horizons. A soil horizon is a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. Horizons are defined in many cases by obvious physical features, mainly colour and texture.

  4. Infiltration (hydrology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)

    Infiltration (hydrology) Cross-section of a hillslope depicting the vadose zone, capillary fringe, water table, and phreatic or saturated zone. (Source: United States Geological Survey.) Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences.

  5. Physical properties of soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_properties_of_soil

    Soil temperature regulates seed germination, [70] breaking of seed dormancy, [71] [72] plant and root growth [73] and the availability of nutrients. [74] Soil temperature has important seasonal, monthly and daily variations, fluctuations in soil temperature being much lower with increasing soil depth. [75]

  6. Runoff curve number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_curve_number

    Runoff curve number. The runoff curve number (also called a curve number or simply CN) is an empirical parameter used in hydrology for predicting direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall excess. [1] The curve number method was developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, which was formerly called the Soil Conservation ...

  7. Soil fertility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility

    The quality of irrigation water is very important to maintain soil fertility and tilth, and for using more soil depth by the plants. [16] When soil is irrigated with high alkaline water, unwanted sodium salts build up in the soil which would make soil draining capacity very poor. So plant roots can not penetrate deep into the soil for optimum ...

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