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Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.
In the United States, over 19,000 soil series have been identified. [1] The percentages of land area (in the US and associated territories, etc.) occupied by soils of the twelve orders have been estimated [1] as: Alfisols and Inceptisols occur widely in the US, but the circumstances of their occurrence would be difficult to characterize briefly.
A taxonomy is an arrangement in a systematic manner; the USDA soil taxonomy has six levels of classification. They are, from most general to specific: order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family and series. Soil properties that can be measured quantitatively are used in this classification system – they include: depth, moisture ...
The most common engineering classification system for soils in North America is the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The USCS has three major classification groups: (1) coarse-grained soils (e.g. sands and gravels); (2) fine-grained soils (e.g. silts and clays); and (3) highly organic soils (referred to as "peat").
Soil map from "Geography of Ohio," 1923. A soil map is a geographical representation showing diversity of soil types or soil properties (soil pH, textures, organic matter, depths of horizons etc.) in the area of interest. [1] It is typically the result of a soil survey inventory, i.e. soil survey. Soil maps are most commonly used for land ...
The addition of mulch helps to make the soil more porous. [10] Adding manure and compost can help boost the amount of organic material present in the soil, which in turn helps add essential nutrients. Specifically, adding a 2- to 3-inch layer of compost and manure should be mixed into the soil to match a shovel's depth. [11]
The quality of irrigation water is very important to maintain soil fertility and tilth, and for using more soil depth by the plants. [16] When soil is irrigated with high alkaline water, unwanted sodium salts build up in the soil which would make soil draining capacity very poor. So plant roots can not penetrate deep into the soil for optimum ...
Soil temperature regulates seed germination, [70] breaking of seed dormancy, [71] [72] plant and root growth [73] and the availability of nutrients. [74] Soil temperature has important seasonal, monthly and daily variations, fluctuations in soil temperature being much lower with increasing soil depth. [75]
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