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  2. Combinatorial optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization

    A minimum spanning tree of a weighted planar graph.Finding a minimum spanning tree is a common problem involving combinatorial optimization. Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, [1] where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set.

  3. Combination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination

    In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations).For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange.

  4. Heap's algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap's_algorithm

    A map of the 24 permutations and the 23 swaps used in Heap's algorithm permuting the four letters A (amber), B (blue), C (cyan) and D (dark red) Wheel diagram of all permutations of length = generated by Heap's algorithm, where each permutation is color-coded (1=blue, 2=green, 3=yellow, 4=red). Heap's algorithm generates all possible ...

  5. Comb sort - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb_sort

    The shrink factor has a great effect on the efficiency of comb sort. Dobosiewicz suggested k = 4/3 = 1.333…, while Lacey and Box suggest 1.3 as an ideal shrink factor after empirical testing on over 200,000 random lists of length approximately 1000. A value too small slows the algorithm down by making unnecessarily many comparisons, whereas a ...

  6. Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhaus–Johnson...

    The Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm or Johnson–Trotter algorithm, also called plain changes, is an algorithm named after Hugo Steinhaus, Selmer M. Johnson and Hale F. Trotter that generates all of the permutations of elements. Each two adjacent permutations in the resulting sequence differ by swapping two adjacent permuted elements.

  7. de Bruijn sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bruijn_sequence

    Goal: to construct a B(2, 4) de Bruijn sequence of length 2 4 = 16 using Eulerian (n − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3) 3-D de Bruijn graph cycle. Each edge in this 3-dimensional de Bruijn graph corresponds to a sequence of four digits: the three digits that label the vertex that the edge is leaving followed by the one that labels the edge.

  8. All-pairs testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pairs_testing

    In computer science, all-pairs testing or pairwise testing is a combinatorial method of software testing that, for each pair of input parameters to a system (typically, a software algorithm), tests all possible discrete combinations of those parameters.

  9. Timsort - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort

    Timsort is a hybrid, stable sorting algorithm, derived from merge sort and insertion sort, designed to perform well on many kinds of real-world data.It was implemented by Tim Peters in 2002 for use in the Python programming language.