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Once at the ER, IP 3 is able to bind to the Ins(1,4,5)P 3 receptor Ins(1,4,5)P 3 R which is a ligand-gated Ca 2+ channel that is found on the surface of the ER. The binding of IP 3 (the ligand in this case) to Ins(1,4,5)P 3 R triggers the opening of the Ca 2+ channel, and thus release of Ca 2+ into the cytoplasm. [11]
The resting concentration of Ca 2+ in the cytoplasm is normally maintained around 100 nM.This is 20,000- to 100,000-fold lower than typical extracellular concentration. [1] [2] To maintain this low concentration, Ca 2+ is actively pumped from the cytosol to the extracellular space, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and sometimes into the mitochondria.
Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca 2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3R is very diverse among organisms, and is necessary for the control of cellular and physiological processes including cell division, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fertilization, development, behavior, learning and memory. [2]
These materials contain Ca 2+ combined with the polyphosphates, such as P 2 O 4− 7 and triphosphate P 3 O 5− 10: Dicalcium diphosphate (CAS#7790-76-3]: Ca 2 P 2 O 7; Calcium triphosphate (CAS# 26158-70-3): Ca 5 (P 3 O 10) 2
inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway. The inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway is responsible for the generation of IP3 through the cleavage of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) found in the lipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane by phospholipase C in response to either receptor tyrosine kinase or Gq alpha subunit-G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
The Ca 2+ ion is coordinated by seven protein oxygen atoms, five of which are from the loop mimicking the canonical EF-loop whereas the other two are from the carboxylate group of a distant Glu. Another example is a novel domain named Excalibur (extracellular Ca 2+ -binding region) isolated from Bacillus subtilis .
The concentration of calcium (Ca 2+ ions) is normally several thousand times higher outside the cell than inside. Activation of particular VGCCs allows a Ca 2+ influx into the cell, which, depending on the cell type, results in activation of calcium-sensitive potassium channels , muscular contraction , [ 4 ] excitation of neurons, up-regulation ...
Principle of calcium encoding.A schematics of intracellular calcium signaling and its equivalent from a calcium encoding perspective.. Calcium encoding (also referred to as Ca 2+ encoding or calcium information processing) is an intracellular signaling pathway used by many cells to transfer, process and encode external information detected by the cell.