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A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to digital data. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Blocks of data entering these systems get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a polynomial division of their contents.
A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages. Checksum schemes include parity bits, check digits, and longitudinal redundancy checks.
The history of macOS, Apple's current Mac operating system formerly named Mac OS X until 2011 and then OS X until 2016, began with the company's project to replace its "classic" Mac OS. That system, up to and including its final release Mac OS 9 , was a direct descendant of the operating system Apple had used in its Mac computers since their ...
The 2019 iMac is the only Sonoma-supported Intel Mac that lacks a T2 chip. Mac models that support macOS Sonoma are as follows. [26] iMac (2019 and later) iMac Pro (2017) MacBook Air (2018 and later) MacBook Pro (2018 and later) Mac Mini (2018 and later) Mac Pro (2019 and later) Mac Studio (all models)
20] In this example, the sender of a message runs it through a MAC algorithm to produce a MAC data tag. The message and the MAC tag are then sent to the receiver. The receiver in turn runs the message portion of the transmission through the same MAC algorithm using the same key, producing a second MAC data tag.
// Initialize CRC-32 to starting value crc32 ← 0xFFFFFFFF for each byte in data do nLookupIndex ← (crc32 xor byte) and 0xFF crc32 ← (crc32 shr 8) xor CRCTable[nLookupIndex] // CRCTable is an array of 256 32-bit constants // Finalize the CRC-32 value by inverting all the bits crc32 ← crc32 xor 0xFFFFFFFF return crc32
The MacBook Pro line launched in 2006 as an Intel-based replacement for the PowerBook line. The first MacBook Pro used an aluminum chassis similar to the PowerBook G4, but replaced the PowerPC G4 chips with Intel Core processors, added a webcam, and introduced the MagSafe power connector. The unibody model debuted in October 2008, so-called ...
keyed hash function (prefix-MAC) BLAKE3: 256 bits keyed hash function (supplied IV) HMAC: KMAC: arbitrary based on Keccak MD6: 512 bits Merkle tree NLFSR: One-key MAC (OMAC; CMAC) PMAC (cryptography) Poly1305-AES: 128 bits nonce-based SipHash: 32, 64 or 128 bits non-collision-resistant PRF: HighwayHash [16] 64, 128 or 256 bits non-collision ...