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  2. Planck units - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units

    The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of a black hole is one-fourth the area of its event horizon in units of Planck length squared. [11]: 370 Since the 1950s, it has been conjectured that quantum fluctuations of the spacetime metric might make the familiar notion of distance inapplicable below the Planck length.

  3. Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)

    120 μm – the geometric mean of the Planck length and the diameter of the observable universe: √ 8.8 × 10 26 m × 1.6 × 10 −35 m; 120 μm – diameter of a human ovum; 170 μm – length of the largest mammalian sperm cell (rat) [102] 170 μm – length of the largest sperm cell in nature, belonging to the Drosophila bifurca fruit fly ...

  4. Unit of time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_time

    The second is the international standard unit (SI unit) for science. Celestial sphere-based: as in sidereal time, where the apparent movement of the stars and constellations across the sky is used to calculate the length of a year. These units do not have a consistent relationship with each other and require intercalation. For example, the year ...

  5. Atomic, molecular, and optical physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and...

    Max Planck derived a formula to describe the electromagnetic field inside a box when in thermal equilibrium in 1900. [16]: 8–9 His model consisted of a superposition of standing waves. In one dimension, the box has length L, and only sinusoidal waves of wavenumber =

  6. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Some common shapes of simple molecules include: Linear: In a linear model, atoms are connected in a straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°. For example, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide have a linear molecular shape. Trigonal planar: Molecules with the trigonal planar shape are somewhat triangular and in one plane (flat). Consequently ...

  7. Quantum foam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foam

    A graphic representation of Wheeler's calculations of what quantum reality may look like at the Planck length. Quantum foam (or spacetime foam, or spacetime bubble) is a theoretical quantum fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales due to quantum mechanics. The theory predicts that at this small scale, particles of matter and antimatter are ...

  8. Infinite divisibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_divisibility

    However, according to the best currently accepted theory in physics, the Standard Model, there is a distance (called the Planck length, 1.616229(38)×10 −35 metres, named after one of the fathers of Quantum Theory, Max Planck) and therefore a time interval (the amount of time which light takes to traverse that distance in a vacuum, 5.39116(13 ...

  9. Bohr–Sommerfeld model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr–Sommerfeld_model

    The Sommerfeld model predicted that the magnetic moment of an atom measured along an axis will only take on discrete values, a result which seems to contradict rotational invariance but which was confirmed by the Stern–Gerlach experiment. This was a significant step in the development of quantum mechanics.