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Shen Kuo [a] (Chinese: 沈括; 1031–1095) or Shen Gua [b], courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁), [1] was a Chinese polymath, scientist, and statesman of the Song dynasty (960–1279). Shen was a master in many fields of study including mathematics, optics, and horology.
e. The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝; 960–1279 CE) witnessed many substantial scientific and technological advances in Chinese history. Some of these advances and innovations were the products of talented statesmen and scholar-officials drafted by the government through imperial examinations. Shen Kuo (1031–1095), author of the Dream Pool ...
Chinese astronomy. The Dunhuang map from the Tang dynasty ( schools were distinguished with different colors: white, black, and yellow for the stars of Wu Xian, Gan De, and Shi Shen respectively. The whole set of star maps contain 1,300 stars. Astronomy in China has a long history stretching from the Shang dynasty, being refined over a period ...
The compass was invented in China during the Han dynasty between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD where it was called the "south-governor" (sīnán司南) or "South Pointing Fish" (指南魚). [ 3 ] The magnetic compass was not, at first, used for navigation, but for geomancy and fortune-telling by the Chinese.
As recorded in 1088 by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays, the Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invented an early form of movable type using clay and wood pieces arranged and organized for written Chinese characters. The earliest printed paper money with movable metal type to print the identifying code of the money was made in 1161 during the Song ...
The innovation of movable type printing was made by the artisan Bi Sheng (990–1051), first described by the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088. [198] [199] The collection of Bi Sheng's original clay-fired typeface was passed on to one of Shen Kuo's nephews, and was carefully preserved.
[15] The first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of 1088. [16] According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song dynasty and continuing Yuan dynasty did make use of a dry compass. [17]
Bi Sheng (990–1051) of the Song dynasty also pioneered the use of wooden movable type around 1040 AD, as described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo (1031–1095). However, this technology was abandoned in favour of clay movable types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink.