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Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. [2] Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney ...
Renal physiology (Latin renes, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules ...
Nephronophthisis has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Nephronophthisis is a genetic disorder of the kidneys which affects children. [ 3 ] It is classified as a medullary cystic kidney disease. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and, although rare, is the most common genetic cause of childhood kidney failure.
Renal diet. A renal diet is a diet aimed at keeping levels of fluids, electrolytes, and minerals balanced in the body in individuals with chronic kidney disease or who are on dialysis. Dietary changes may include the restriction of fluid intake, protein, and electrolytes including sodium, phosphorus, and potassium. [ 1 ]
Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [2] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests. [citation needed]
Renal hypoplasia. An ultrasound scan of a hypoplastic right kidney in an adult male. Renal hypoplasia is a congenital abnormality in which one or both of the kidneys are smaller than normal, [5] resulting in a reduced nephron number [1] but with normal morphology. [4]
The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100–130 average 125 mL/min/1.73m 2 in men and 90–120 ml/min/1.73m 2 in women younger than the age of 40. In children, GFR measured by inulin clearance is 110 mL/min/1.73 m 2 until 2 years of age in both sexes, and then it progressively decreases.
Glycolic acid is the major metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for toxicity. The three main systems affected by ethylene glycol poisoning are the central nervous system, metabolic processes, and the kidneys. [ 7 ] The central nervous system is affected early in the course of poisoning as the result of a direct action of ethylene glycol.