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For a function f of a single independent variable x, we can express the derivative using subscripts of the independent variable: This type of notation is especially useful for taking partial derivatives of a function of several variables.
Numerical differentiation. In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.
Propagation of uncertainty. In statistics, propagation of uncertainty (or propagation of error) is the effect of variables ' uncertainties (or errors, more specifically random errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them. When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have uncertainties due to measurement ...
In vector calculus, the Jacobian matrix (/ dʒəˈkoʊbiən /, [1][2][3] / dʒɪ -, jɪ -/) of a vector-valued function of several variables is the matrix of all its first-order partial derivatives. When this matrix is square, that is, when the function takes the same number of variables as input as the number of vector components of its output ...
The Heaviside step function, or the unit step function, usually denoted by H or θ (but sometimes u, 1 or 𝟙), is a step function named after Oliver Heaviside, the value of which is zero for negative arguments and one for positive arguments. Different conventions concerning the value H(0) are in use. It is an example of the general class of ...
Hessian matrix. In mathematics, the Hessian matrix, Hessian or (less commonly) Hesse matrix is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig ...
An implicit function is a function that is defined by an implicit equation, that relates one of the variables, considered as the value of the function, with the others considered as the arguments. [1]: 204–206 For example, the equation of the unit circle defines y as an implicit function of x if −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, and y is restricted to ...
Indicator function. A three-dimensional plot of an indicator function, shown over a square two-dimensional domain (set X): the "raised" portion overlays those two-dimensional points which are members of the "indicated" subset (A). In mathematics, an indicator function or a characteristic function of a subset of a set is a function that maps ...