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Glipizide, sold under the brand name Glucotrol among others, is an anti-diabetic medication of the sulfonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is used together with a diabetic diet and exercise.
SGLT2 is mainly expressed in the kidneys on the epithelial cells lining the first segment of the proximal convoluted tubule. By inhibiting SGLT2, gliflozins prevent the kidneys' reuptake of glucose from the glomerular filtrate and subsequently lower the glucose level in the blood and promote the excretion of glucose in the urine . [41] [42]
Glucuronidation occurs mainly in the liver, although the enzyme responsible for its catalysis, UDP-glucuronyltransferase, has been found in all major body organs (e.g., intestine, kidneys, brain, adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus). [3] [4]
Only the unbound fraction of the drug undergoes metabolism in the liver and other tissues. As the drug dissociates from the protein, more and more drug undergoes metabolism. Changes in the levels of free drug change the volume of distribution because free drug may distribute into the tissues leading to a decrease in plasma concentration profile.
They are also a first-line treatment for people with both type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. Both types of medication can be combined with metformin . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] One advantage of GLP-1 agonists over older insulin secretagogues , such as sulfonylureas or meglitinides , is that they have a lower risk of causing hypoglycemia . [ 10 ]
Hormones have much to do with metabolism, food cravings, hunger-fullness cues and even how weight is distributed around the body. Several female hormone types matter for weight loss. We’ve ...
This hormone plays an important role in maintaining your body’s growth and metabolism by acting on various cells, tissues and organs. When growth hormone reaches cells, it stimulates the ...
The other elimination pathways are less important in the elimination of drugs, except in very specific cases, such as the respiratory tract for alcohol or anaesthetic gases. The case of mother's milk is of special importance. The liver and kidneys of newly born infants are relatively undeveloped and they are highly sensitive to a drug's toxic ...