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Pythagoras. Pythagoras of Samos[a] (Ancient Greek: Πυθαγόρας; c. 570 – c. 495 BC) [b] was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, the West in ...
Pythagorean astronomical system. An astronomical system positing that the Earth, Moon, Sun, and planets revolve around an unseen " Central Fire " was developed in the fifth century BC and has been attributed to the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus. [1][2] The system has been called "the first coherent system in which celestial bodies move in ...
Musica universalis. The musica universalis (literally universal music), also called music of the spheres or harmony of the spheres, is a philosophical concept that regards proportions in the movements of celestial bodies —the Sun, Moon, and planets —as a form of music. The theory, originating in ancient Greece, was a tenet of Pythagoreanism ...
The worship of Pythagoras continued in Italy and as a religious community Pythagoreans appear to have survived as part of, or deeply influenced, the Bacchic cults and Orphism. Even the early christian cenobitic traditions may be seen in light of the matematikoi. The biblical Greek name for 'disciple' is 'mathetes' .
The Antikythera mechanism was an analog computer from 150–100 BCE designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects. Ancient Greek astronomy is the astronomy written in the Greek language during classical antiquity. Greek astronomy is understood to include the Ancient Greek, Hellenistic, Greco-Roman, and late antique eras.
The prevailing theory during Copernicus's lifetime was the one that Ptolemy published in his Almagest c. 150 CE; the Earth was the stationary center of the universe. Stars were embedded in a large outer sphere that rotated rapidly, approximately daily, while each of the planets, the Sun, and the Moon were embedded in their own, smaller spheres.
René Descartes (/ deɪˈkɑːrt / day-KART or UK: / ˈdeɪkɑːrt / DAY-kart; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt] ⓘ; [ note 3 ][ 11 ] 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) [ 12 ][ 13 ]: 58 was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was paramount ...
The celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and others. In these celestial models, the apparent motions of the fixed stars and planets are accounted for by treating them as embedded in rotating spheres made of an aetherial ...