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To SELECT one row of data from a table called tab with a primary key column (pk) set to 100 — use the condition pk = 100: SELECT * FROM tab WHERE pk = 100. To identify whether a table tab has rows of data with a duplicated column dk — use the condition having count (*) > 1: SELECT dk FROM tab GROUP BY dk HAVING count(*) > 1.
SQL syntax. The syntax of the SQL programming language is defined and maintained by ISO/IEC SC 32 as part of ISO/IEC 9075. This standard is not freely available. Despite the existence of the standard, SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.
The else keyword is made to target a specific if–then statement preceding it, but for nested if–then statements, classic programming languages such as ALGOL 60 struggled to define which specific statement to target. Without clear boundaries for which statement is which, an else keyword could target any preceding if–then statement in the ...
The dangling else is a problem in programming of parser generators in which an optional else clause in an if–then (–else) statement results in nested conditionals being ambiguous. Formally, the reference context-free grammar of the language is ambiguous, meaning there is more than one correct parse tree. In many programming languages one ...
A relational database (RDB[1]) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. [2] A database management system used to maintain relational databases is a relational database management system (RDBMS). Many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using SQL (Structured Query Language ...
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
SPARQL (pronounced "sparkle", a recursive acronym [2] for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language —that is, a semantic query language for databases —able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format. [3][4] It was made a standard by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of ...
Conjunctive queries without distinguished variables are called boolean conjunctive queries.Conjunctive queries where all variables are distinguished (and no variables are bound) are called equi-join queries, [1] because they are the equivalent, in the relational calculus, of the equi-join queries in the relational algebra (when selecting all columns of the result).