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This gravitational redshift result can be derived from the assumptions of special relativity and the equivalence principle; the full theory of general relativity is not required. [ 45 ] The effect is very small but measurable on Earth using the Mössbauer effect and was first observed in the Pound–Rebka experiment . [ 46 ]
During the full mission about 3.5 × 10 6 relative positions have been determined, each to an accuracy of typically 3 milliarcseconds (the accuracy for an 8–9 magnitude star). Since the gravitation deflection perpendicular to the Earth–Sun direction is already 4.07 milliarcseconds, corrections are needed for practically all stars.
The Andromeda Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy and is the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way.It was originally named the Andromeda Nebula and is cataloged as Messier 31, M31, and NGC 224.
The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. [1] [2] [3] The Doppler effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842.
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time.In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, the theory is presented as being based on just two postulates: [p 1] [1] [2]
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The concept of an expanding universe was scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.
Since then, one of the stars—called S2—has completed a full orbit. From the orbital data, astronomers were able to refine the calculations of the mass to 4.3 × 10 6 M ☉ and a radius of less than 0.002 light-years for the object causing the orbital motion of those stars. [ 174 ]