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[3] [5] In reaction to the loss of cartilage, the bones thicken at the joint surface, resulting in subchondral sclerosis. Also, bony outgrowths, called osteophytes (also known as “bone spurs”), are formed at the joint margins. [6] The main symptom is pain, particularly with gripping and pinching.
Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone.
Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, also known as myelosis funiculus, or funicular myelosis, [1] also Lichtheim's disease, [2] [3] and Putnam-Dana syndrome, [4] refers to degeneration of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord as a result of vitamin B 12 deficiency (most common).
Balo concentric sclerosis, an unusual presentation of plaques forming concentric circles, which can sometimes get better spontaneously. Schilder disease or diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis: is a rare disease that presents clinically as a pseudotumoural demyelinating lesion; and is more common in children. [7] [8]
Foix–Alajouanine syndrome, also called subacute ascending necrotizing myelitis, [1] is a disease caused by an arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord. [2] In particular, most cases involve dural arteriovenous malformations that present in the lower thoracic or lumbar spinal cord.
[13] [14] [37] One death case appeared in the scientific literature, while 3 other deaths have been related to CCSVI treatment in the media. [37] Some United States hospitals have banned the surgical procedure outside clinical trials due to safety concerns until more evidence to support its use is available.
Diagnosis of this rare disease is often misdiagnosed or delayed, leading to results such as amputation and death. In a rare case, an 80 year old woman displayed symptoms resembling temporal arteritis. However, pathological findings confirmed that it was Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis instead.
Proposed causes for this include immune dysregulation, genetics, and environmental factors, such as viral infections. [15] [16] [8] [17] The McDonald criteria are a frequently updated set of guidelines used to establish an MS diagnosis. [18]