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L'Hôpital's rule (/ ˌ l oʊ p iː ˈ t ɑː l /, loh-pee-TAHL) or L'Hospital's rule, also known as Bernoulli's rule, is a mathematical theorem that allows evaluating limits of indeterminate forms using derivatives. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that can be easily ...
His name is firmly associated with l'Hôpital's rule for calculating limits involving indeterminate forms 0/0 and ∞/∞. Although the rule did not originate with l'Hôpital, it appeared in print for the first time in his 1696 treatise on the infinitesimal calculus, entitled Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes. [3]
[5] Augustin-Louis Cauchy in 1821, [ 6 ] followed by Karl Weierstrass , formalized the definition of the limit of a function which became known as the (ε, δ)-definition of limit . The modern notation of placing the arrow below the limit symbol is due to G. H. Hardy , who introduced it in his book A Course of Pure Mathematics in 1908.
If is expressed in radians: = = These limits both follow from the continuity of sin and cos. =. [7] [8] Or, in general, =, for a not equal to 0. = =, for b not equal to 0.
The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
Similarly, for every h < 0, the inequality turns around because the denominator is now negative and we get (+) (), hence ′ ():= (+) (), where the limit might be plus infinity. Finally, when the above right- and left-hand limits agree (in particular when f is differentiable), then the derivative of f at c must be zero.
The book includes the first appearance of L'Hôpital's rule. The rule is believed to be the work of Johann Bernoulli, since l'Hôpital, a nobleman, paid Bernoulli a retainer of 300₣ per year to keep him updated on developments in calculus and to solve problems he had. Moreover, the two signed a contract allowing l'Hôpital to use Bernoulli's ...
The rule is sometimes written as "DETAIL", where D stands for dv and the top of the list is the function chosen to be dv. An alternative to this rule is the ILATE rule, where inverse trigonometric functions come before logarithmic functions. To demonstrate the LIATE rule, consider the integral ().