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^ Cite error: The named reference foo was invoked but never defined (see the help page). Cite error: A list-defined reference with the name "foo" has been invoked, but is not defined in the <references> tag (see the help page ).
Misusing a template that was never intended as a citation template and placing it in <ref> tags may cause this issue. A template that creates <ref> tags; known instances: {{ Certification Cite Ref }}
If two or more calls to {} use the same citation parameters, that is, if the author(s), year, and page number(s) are all identical, but there is some other difference, such as a use of pp= vs p=, or a use of ps= in one but not the other, this issue will arise.
A list-defined reference has an invalid name. Ensure the footnote name is formatted properly. More than one use of {{}} or #tag:ref within list defined references. You can only use {{}} or #tag:ref once as a list-defined reference.
Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Reference 1</ref> Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. [1] Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
Here, the referenced named excepteur is improperly closed— it causes the reference following in the list named ipsum to not close, thus both references show an error:
Check the article's edit history for recent edits that may have removed or disabled an existing {{}} template. Undoing or correcting an erroneous edit may bring back the reference list and fix other problems as well.
This normally shows a cite error, unless it is the last footnote on the page. Normally, this would then suppress the <references /> tag, generating an error, but the message for a missing <references /> tag is suppressed on non-article pages. refTools will catch this problem.